Is Virgils Aenied an Anti-War Poem - 2421 Words

Is Virgils Aeneid an Anti-War Poem? Virgil opens the ‘Aeneid with the words ARMA virumque cano ( I sing of arms and of men). The central role that war plays in this Roman epic is made apparent from the very first word of the ‘Aeneid by the emphatic placing of the word arma at the very beginning of the poem. A fair chunk of Virgils ‘Aeneid is set on the battle field but its violent and gory descriptions of death and its frequent battles alone cannot make this poem an anti-war poem. Virgil does not merely use the notion of war to further his plot but deals with many types and aspects of war throughout the entirety of his book; mythological wars; recent wars; their effects; their causes; and often one is able to find Virgils own†¦show more content†¦This Augustan reference comes at the end of a passage prophesising Romes future starting with Aeneas war against the Latins and leading up to this reference and so it is implied that Augustus is merely continuing what our protagonist first embarked upon centuries earlier. When reading this epic, we hope that Aeneas eventually finds peace in Latium and his war-related sufferings come to an end. Therefore to a Roman reader this comparison may have encouraged them to express this same desire for harmony in their own world. Augustus wanted Romans to believe that he symbolised peace and a better way of life and so by including a reference to ultimate peace among many prophecies that had already come to pass, Virgil makes Augustus goal seem all the more possible. A clearer example of Virgils use of myth to influence Roman readers views on situations relevant to their time, is the use of the second half of the ‘Aeneid as a pre-enactment of the Social War in Italy. The Social War would still have remained fresh in many Romans minds and so even without any outside influence, many would have probably already been hoping for peace and calm. The echo of the Social War in the battles at Latium would have only refreshed many readers already existent desire for a life without conflict. Aeneas is eventually successful in ending his war and bringing about a temporary peace. In book six, he is shown the spirits

Oedipus The King A Tragic Hero - 987 Words

Like most greek tragedies, Oedipus the King had a tragic hero whose downfall was the result of a tragic flaw. Oedipus, like other greek characters, did not see his errors until his reign was coming to an end. Oedipus, the man who saved Thebes did not understand that every good thing must come to an end. A tragic hero defined by Aristotle has five characteristics that lead to their downfall and their understanding of why the situation happened. Oedipus is the ideal tragic hero because his downfall followed the five characteristics. Hubris, translation is excessive pride. This this is a term that is mostly used to define greek literature. Oedipus was a very proud man because of his victory against the Sphinx. To the citizens of Thebes his was their idol; Oedipus the Great, the king who tried to control his fate. Oedipus tried to control his fate when he ran away from Corinth after hearing the prophecy told by Apollo’s oracle, â€Å"I fled in the opposite direction From Corinth† (808-809). Ironically his attempt to escape fate was the cause of his downfall because if he did not attempt to run away from the prophecy he would not have done what he feared the most. Besides from having a noble stature, which is one of the most important characteristics considered by Aristotle because he believed a tragic hero must be better than the ordinary man. An ideal tragic hero is a man that is superior and holds a high social standard, but also intelligent. Another event that resulted in theShow MoreRelatedOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero1541 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle (384-322 B.C.) defines a tragic hero as one who possesses the characteristics of hamartia, peripeteia, anagnorisis, and that the characters fate must be greater than deserved (Else). Since the main character in Sophocles’ classic tragedy Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King matches up to Aristotle’s definition, Oedipus certainly exemplifies what it is to be a â€Å"tragic hero.† The play’s protagonist Oedipus is revered as a good man and intelligent ruler who acts quickly to support Thebes- a cityRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribes the tragic hero as having three components which should be present in order to influence the audience. The audience must become involved emotionally with the hero so they become fearful for his welfare or well-being. The concluding suffering of the hero draws pity from the audience. Aristotle describes this emotional transition as â€Å"catharsis† which refers to the purging or releasing of emotions. This is what Aristotle believes entices audiences to watch tragedies. The hero must also beRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King987 Words   |  4 PagesWhile exemplifying the high estate, noble character, and flawed nature of Aristotle’s tragic hero, Oedipus fails to have a personal mistake become his undoing, hence denying him the status of Aristotleâ₠¬â„¢s tragic hero. A key criteria of Aristotle’s tragic hero is that he or she comes from high estate, such as a royal family. Aristotle’s definition of the tragic hero is well thought out in this manner. High status is important as it gives the character a long way to fall (Kennedy Gioia, 2013). ThisRead MoreTragic Hero In Oedipus The King1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of a tragic hero was first thought of by the philosopher Aristotle in his work, â€Å"Poetics†. In article discussing the philosopher’s ideology of a tragic hero, with emphasis on hamartia, the author states: The function of a tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear and Aristotle deduces the qualities of his hero from this function. He should be good, but not perfect, for the fall of a perfect man from happiness into misery, would be unfair and repellent and will not arouse pity. SimilarlyRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1156 Words   |  5 Pages The topic I chose is the tragic hero topic. There exists a number of parameters that describe a tragic hero and thus it was my desire to get to understand these parameters. It was also my desire to be in position to give the difference between normal heroes and a tragic hero and give see the main dimensions of the two figures. I preferred to work with the book by Sophocles Oedipus, the king, in order to portray the attributes of a tragic hero. The book contains adequate information concerning theRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus And King1060 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, Oedipus and Dido lost much more than that. These were two great leaders that both, suffered by losing their reputations, their sanity, and their kingdoms. These are two great examples of what a tragic character displays, according to Aristotle’s conception. Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero is a distinguished person occupying a high position, living in prosperous circumstances and falling into misfortune because of an error in judgment. King Oedipus and Queen Dido are tragic charactersRead MoreOedipus the King a Tragic Hero936 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302-6504 Mrs.Weatherford 21 November 2011 A Tragic Hero Indeed! In Sophocles tragedy Oedipus the King, King Oedipus swears to solve the murder of former King Laios in order to free the city from the plague. The plague taunts the city destroying crops and livestock and making the women unable to bear children. A seer, Teirsias tells Oedipus that he himself is Thebes’s pollution for killing his father and marrying his mother. Oedipus ignores his words and is blind to the truth until he discoversRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero870 Words   |  4 Pagestragedies and his most famous being performed there. While only seven of his plays have survived, many, like Oedipus the King, are still prevalent today. It definitely meets the five main criteria for a tragedy: a tragic hero of noble birth, a tragic flaw, a fall from grace, a moment of remorse, and catharsis. Oedipus the King is seen as a perfect tragedy. It features a hero with a tragic flaw, Oedipus, and highlights many common themes in Greek tragedy such as fate or destiny, love, pride, loss, the abuseRead MoreOedipus : The King Of Thebes And Tragic Hero Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus: The King of Thebes and Tragic Hero Ancient Greek Literature encompasses an assortment of poetry and drama to include the great masterpieces of tragedy. In Classic Literature, tragedies were commonly known for their elaboration of a protagonist fitting the classification of a tragic hero. This type of a tragic hero often collectively described as a character of noble birth, facing an adversity of some nature and a fate of great suffering. The characteristics of what encompassed a tragic heroRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Oedipus The King1518 Words   |  7 Pagesaudiences so well. A tragic hero plays the most essential role in this. Tragic heroes can be defined differently for whoever is trying to force a character into the tragic hero mold. However Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, established an outline of the requirements a tragic hero has to meet in order to be considered one. These requirements include a downfall, a hamartia, and recognition of said tragic hero’s condition. Oedipus, the prot agonist of Sophocles’ play Oedipus The King fits the mold.

Healthcare for Nosocomial Infections-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Literature Review on Knowledge Gaps Of Healthcare Professionals In Preventing Nosocomial Infections. Answer: Introduction Healthcare associated infections pose a major problem to healthcare officials in all medical settings. The most virulent microorganisms that can cause nosocomial infections to susceptible patients in the hospital include methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Enterococcus and Acinetobacter species (Brown et al. 2012). These microorganisms are able to survive for days on the surfaces of hospital equipments, beds, among others. These organisms are found on other objects, apart from hospital equipments. These include the doctors coat, identity badges, and stethoscopes, among others (Longtin et al. 2014). Moreover, other objects like thermometers, bronchoscopes and even cell phones show the presence of these pathogenic microorganisms. Various studies have shown that there is a direct connection between microbial colonization of hospital objects, transmission of these pathogenic microorganisms by healthcare professionals a nd the subsequent development of nosocomial or hospital acquired infections (Morgan et al. 2012). There is a significant knowledge gap among healthcare professionals in the prevention of hospital-acquired infections. Hand hygiene is an important issue that causes transfer of infections to patients and this practice is lacking among the healthcare officials (Kirkland et al. 2012). Physicians though are familiar with the rules and guidelines associated with hand hygiene but there are still vast gaps in knowledge. There are clear gaps between the recommendations provided in the guidelines and those, which are practiced. This greatly impacts and in turn increases the acquisition of hospital acquired infections (Mortel 2012). This report describes the various knowledge gaps of healthcare officials regarding the use of effective practices to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Necessary recommendations are also provided that can increase the knowledge of the healthcare officials to prevent such nosocomial infections. Summary of contemporary evidence Safdar et al. (2014) has identified various knowledge gaps of healthcare officials. These are associated with the measurement and assessment of hospital acquired infections. These knowledge gaps are associated with surveillance, improvements of risk adjustments, lack of data about infection burdens in settings other than the acute care settings, research gaps to prevent hospital acquired infections, poor understanding of pathogenesis and epidemiology of infections, among others. To understand the impact of the outcomes, surveillance measurements include collecting data and subsequent reporting. Definitions of subjective elements are a primary concern with the surveillance of healthcare associated infections. Knowledge gaps associated with ventilator associated pneumonia or VAP include nonspecific nature of the symptoms, poor interpretation of the diagnostic findings, variations in sampling methods, among others. Knowledge gaps associated with central line associated bloodstream infec tions (CLABSI) include the validity and reliability of the surveillance definitions. Another major limitation is that a large proportion of these infections are not reported since they are recognized to other sites. Surveillance of surgical site infections are also challenging as it involves a variety of surgical procedures, the various settings and the subsequent follow-ups. Moreover, there are also considerable knowledge gaps regarding the differentiation of clinical infection from asymptomatic bacteriuria in association with catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). To improve the risk adjustments of hospital acquired infections, identification of factors other than quality of care can influence the risk of infection. Current risk adjustment efforts include the use of multivariate risk models and procedure specific models that incorporate patient factors, which can help to identify the necessary risk factors that could give rise to surgical site infections. However, ad ditional research is needed to improve the ability to carry out risk adjustments for hospital acquired infections without the increase in efforts on data collection. There is also lack of knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention of hospital acquired infections in settings other than acute care is limited. Pediatric facilities face severe challenges in association with prevention of hospital acquired infections. However, less emphasis is placed on identifying epidemiology of these infections in association with child care units. These infections include those caused by Clostridium difficile and multidrug resistant organisms. Less importance is also placed on the critical analysis of new technology and prevention interventions in pediatric care units. Substantial knowledge gaps also exist in understanding the pathogenesis and epidemiology of hospital acquired infections. Even after tremendous efforts to promote the influenza vaccination of healthcare officials , the rates of vaccinations among these individuals are very low. Moreover, this study also reports that pertussis infection is a huge concern in the United States and the healthcare officials pose the major problems because they can acquire the infection and can transmit it other critically ill patients. However, the misconceptions associated with pertussis vaccine are highly common among the healthcare officials. According to Aftab et al. (2015), there are knowledge gaps among healthcare officials regarding the spread of infection via fomites and the necessary practices to minimize such spread. Objects that become colonized by pathogenic microorganisms are called fomites and they serve as effective vectors for their transmission (Khanna and Pardi 2012). Pathogens are shed after the course of an infection and contaminates the fomites by contact with body secretions or soiled hands. These fomites then help in the transfer of these infectious agents from one object to another. In patient infections are usually caused by cross infections from healthcare personnels. These infections occur when the healthcare officials come into contact with contaminated fomites and eventually transmit them to the patients. Various medical or non medical objects like thermometers, bronchoscopes, stethoscopes, beds, tables, that are handled by healthcare officials harbor various pathogens. This study involved a cros s-sectional study among healthcare officials to determine the knowledge of the individuals regarding mode of transmission of infection via fomites and the necessary prevention strategies. A questionnaire based survey was carried out. The results of this study revealed that medical students had poor knowledge about fomite based transmission and the necessary attitudes required to prevent such transmissions. However, nurses scored better than the physicians and medical students to carry out practices regarding prevention of fomite based infection spread. Although 95% of the healthcare officials scored more than 50% on the knowledge of fomite based infection spread but only 32.3% individuals scored more than 50% in the necessary practices to prevent such infection spread. The study also reveals that contaminated surfaces of computers in intensive care units to be a major source of infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and Enterobacter species. O nly, 49.9% of healthcare personnels had identified these surfaces to be potential sources of infection. Cell phones are also very good sources of infection transmission and 54.1% of the officials identified the role of cell phones in infection spread. Although 60.6% of the officials identified stethoscopes as potential modes of infection spread but the number was not as high as would be required. This study therefore identified the gaps associated with knowledge and the implementation of necessary practices to prevent fomite based infection spread among the healthcare officials. The study also provides recommendations to prevent such transmission by promotion of hand hygiene among the healthcare officials and disinfection of hospital environments to prevent contact based transmission. The study also proposes the participation of these individuals in academic sessions and workshops to spread awareness and minimize infection spread via fomites. Poor hospital hygiene, particularly the hygiene maintained by medical students is a serious concern that gives rise to subsequent infection spread and appearance of disease symptoms. Medical students are exposed to the hospital environment and activities that increases their chances of contracting infections and their subsequent transmission to other patients in the hospital. Transmission of hospital borne infections is usually associated with droplets or aerosols or by transmission through food and water (Cowling et al. 2013). Exposure to pathogenic microorganisms are the most important occupational hazard faced by the healthcare workers and medical students. Early intervention or training programs are needed to educate these individuals about the importance of good hospital hygiene and the necessary practices to prevent transmission. According to Ojulong, Mitonga and Iipinge, (2013), maintenance of hand hygiene is a serious concern among the healthcare officials. These individuals are provided with rules and guidelines to carry out proper hand sanitization, but still there are significant knowledge gaps. Proper maintenance of hand hygiene can significantly reduce the risk of nosocomial infection spread but these rules are not strictly followed by the healthcare workers. This study involved determining the knowledge and attitudes of medical students regarding infection control and prevention. Emphasis was placed on the knowledge of standard precautionary measures like hand hygiene. The survey revealed that 24.1% of the participants gave correct answers regarding air, inert surfaces and water to be the major sources of bacteria causing nosocomial infection. On the topic of hand hygiene, only 33.9% properly identified the use of alcohol hand rubs, 42% of the healthcare officials identified the use of gloves to prevent infection spread to hands after contact with body or blood fluids. The overall mean score for infection prevention and control among the healthcar e officials and medical students were low. The study also reveals the importance of carrying out seminars and group discussions to improve the hand hygiene practices among healthcare workers. The healthcare associated infections usually occurs within 48hours following hospital admission. It can also occur 30 days after an operation (Emerson et al. 2012). This occurs mainly due to the use of non-sterile instruments, untrained and lack of awareness and knowledge among the healthcare workers. Millions of people die as a result of such nosocomial infections, thereby increasing the mortality rates and financial losses. The healthcare worker has the duty to help the patient in the recovery process, but sometimes they can even act as sources of transfer of pathogenic microorganisms to the patients. According to Zaidi et al. (2016), the knowledge of healthcare workers is adequate but the implementation of the necessary practices are lacking. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the gaps in basic knowledge and necessary practices among healthcare officials regarding healthcare associated infections. Questionnaires were provided to participants and the resulting dat a was analyzed. The results revealed that that approximately 94% of the participants had good knowledge about hospital acquired infections, however, only 47% used gloves during the handling of critically ill patients and 94% took preventive measures. 95% of the participants used personal protective equipments but a staggering 87% of the healthcare workers had no knowledge about the national guidelines regarding infection prevention and control. 44% of staff members did not carry out aseptic techniques when handling patients with surgical wounds post operation. The various factors that prevent the healthcare officials to carry out hand washing or wearing gloves include skin irritation and dryness, absence of hospital guidelines, lack of knowledge and experience. The study highlights the need for carrying out training sessions to educate the healthcare workers on infection prevention along with effective supervision and monitoring. Clinical indicators are defined as periodic or continuous measurement of variables and identifying the characteristics of a given system or process. These indicators help to thoroughly assess the healthcare services meted out to patients (Loveday et al. 2014). National recommendations has identified the importance of carrying out nosocomial infection prevention programs in hospitals, but the evaluation system does not involve measurement, interpretation and qualifications of such evaluations, which is in turn necessary to determine the quality of care practices provided to the patients. The objective of the study carried out by Menegueti et al. (2015) was to investigate the programs related to nosocomial infection control in hospital settings. The results revealed that there was significant lack of knowledge regarding the evaluation of the hospital guidelines and evaluation of control and prevention activities regarding nosocomial infections. Evaluation of hospital guidelines reveale d poor compliance with standards for the use of antiseptic or germicidal solutions, control and prevention of bloodstream associated infections, collection of culture materials and proper sanitization of clothing. The study revealed that despite having knowledge about the prevention measures, there was a large gap in knowledge regarding the importance of the prevention strategy implementations. As a result, a large gap was observed between the necessary recommendations and the practices. Recommendations Hospital acquired infections are a major cause of concern among healthcare officials as well as the patients. Prevention of such infections are to be kept in mind in association with morbidity, mortality, increased hospital stay and financial costs (Zimlichman et al. 2013). Research is needed to address the knowledge gap regarding prevention of transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in health care environments, implementation of effective strategies in order to ensure the supervision of antimicrobial practices, preventive measures against MRSA spread in hospitals, development of strategies that ensure the utilization of proper hand sanitization standards and development of strategies to prevent C. difficile infections in hospitals (Kwon, Olsen and Dbberke 2015). It is necessary to carry out international collaborations with various institutes consisting of a wide mix of staff from nonacademic centers, long-term care giving facilities, long term acute care hospitals (LTACHs), mo bile surgical units, pediatric hospitals, dialysis centers, outpatient practices, among others. It is also necessary to streamline the institutional review board to identify issues regarding emerging infections and securing infrastructure to carry out pilot projects for addressing serious healthcare issues. Though healthcare workers possess sufficient knowledge, however, the implementation of the necessary practices are limiting. It is important to include the importance of necessary practices for the prevention of infection transmission to the training and education of medical students (Alessandro et al. 2014). The promotion of proper hand hygiene and disinfection of hospital equipments including non-medical devices like laptops, computers, cell phones among healthcare workers is essential to prevent transmission of infections to surroundings and subsequently to patients (Badr, Ibrahim Badr and Ali 2012; Catano, Echeverri and Szela 2012). Recommendations regarding hand washing should include the use of soaps and the time of hand washing, which should be at least 15 seconds. Hands should be dried using disposable towels. Various training and academic sessions as well as workshops can be carried out to promote the knowledge and importance associated with hand hygiene and promotion of han d sanitization by the use of alcohol rubs like 0.5% chlorhexidine along with the se of 70% ethanol. Standard precautionary measures for healthcare officials should include the use of gloves during surgical procedures, use of gowns to prevent soiling of clothes, mask and eye protection gears, shoe and head masks and proper sterilization of reusable equipments (Mehta et al. 2014). Hospitals are required to provide institutional guidelines to healthcare workers regarding infection control. Teaching methods directed towards medical students and other staffs should be improved to increase knowledge of infection control and necessary prevention strategies. Conclusion Hospital acquired infections are a serious concern as it results in increased rates of morbidity, mortality and subsequently becomes a financial burden to the healthcare settings. Hospital acquired infections generally involve the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms from one individual to another. These individuals could be the healthcare workers and the patients. The pathogens are transmitted in the form of droplets or aerosols or by direct contact with other contaminated surfaces or individuals. The healthcare workers are in constant contact with patients and it is necessary for them to carry out effective precautionary measures to prevent transmission of infection to patients. However, the increased incidences of nosocomial infections indicate the lack of updated knowledge among the healthcare workers. Although they have the necessary knowledge, they lack in the ability to carry out necessary interventions to prevent the spread of infections. Thus, it can be concluded that n ecessary hospital guidelines are to be updated and educational and training programs need to be carried out to increase the knowledge of the healthcare workers, thereby enabling them to carry out the necessary interventions to prevent the spread of hospital acquired infections. Reference List Aftab, H.B., Zia, B., Zahid, M.F., Raheem, A. and Beg, M.A., 2016, January. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Healthcare Personnel Regarding the Transmission of Pathogens via Fomites at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. InOpen forum infectious diseases(Vol. 3, No. 1). Oxford University Press. Badr, R.I., ibrahim Badr, H. and Ali, N.M., 2012. Mobile phones and nosocomial infections.International Journal of Infection Control,8(2). Brown, A.N., Smith, K., Samuels, T.A., Lu, J., Obare, S.O. and Scott, M.E., 2012. Nanoparticles functionalized with ampicillin destroy multiple-antibiotic-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter aerogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Applied and environmental microbiology,78(8), pp.2768-2774. Catano, J.C., Echeverri, L.M. and Szela, C., 2012. Bacterial contamination of clothes and environmental items in a third-level hospital in Colombia.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases,2012. Cowling, B.J., Ip, D.K., Fang, V.J., Suntarattiwong, P., Olsen, S.J., Levy, J., Uyeki, T.M., Leung, G.M., Peiris, J.M., Chotpitayasunondh, T. and Nishiura, H., 2013. Aerosol transmission is an important mode of influenza A virus spread.Nature communications,4, p.1935. D'Alessandro, D., Agodi, A., Auxilia, F., Brusaferro, S., Calligaris, L., Ferrante, M., Montagna, M.T., Mura, I., Napoli, C., Pasquarella, C. and Righi, E., 2014. Prevention of healthcare associated infections: Medical and nursing students' knowledge in Italy.Nurse education today,34(2), pp.191-195. Emerson, C.B., Eyzaguirre, L.M., Albrecht, J.S., Comer, A.C., Harris, A.D. and Furuno, J.P., 2012. Healthcare-associated infection and hospital readmission.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,33(6), pp.539-544. Gonalves Menegueti, M., Marin da Silva Canini, SR, Bellissimo-Rodrigues, F. and Laus, AM, 2015. Evaluation of Hospital Infection Control Programs in health services.Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem,23(1). Khanna, S. and Pardi, D.S., 2012, November. Clostridium difficile infection: new insights into management. InMayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 87, No. 11, pp. 1106-1117). Elsevier. Kirkland, K.B., Homa, K.A., Lasky, R.A., Ptak, J.A., Taylor, E.A. and Splaine, M.E., 2012. Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene initiative on healthcare-associated infections: results of an interrupted time series.BMJ Qual Saf, pp.qhc-2012. Kwon, J.H., Olsen, M.A. and Dubberke, E.R., 2015. The morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with Clostridium difficile infection.Infectious disease clinics of North America,29(1), pp.123-134. Longtin, Y., Schneider, A., Tschopp, C., Renzi, G., Gayet-Ageron, A., Schrenzel, J. and Pittet, D., 2014, March. Contamination of stethoscopes and physicians' hands after a physical examination. InMayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 291-299). Elsevier. Loveday, H.P., Wilson, J., Pratt, R.J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J. and Wilcox, M., 2014. epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, pp.S1-S70. Mehta, Y., Gupta, A., Todi, S., Myatra, S.N., Samaddar, D.P., Patil, V., Bhattacharya, P.K. and Ramasubban, S., 2014. Guidelines for prevention of hospital acquired infections.Indian journal of critical care medicine: peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine,18(3), p.149. Morgan, D.J., Rogawski, E., Thom, K.A., Johnson, J.K., Perencevich, E.N., Shardell, M., Leekha, S. and Harris, A.D., 2012. Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria to healthcare workers gloves and gowns after patient contact increases with environmental contamination.Critical care medicine,40(4), p.1045. Mortell, M., 2012. Hand hygiene compliance: is there a theory-practice-ethics gap?.British Journal of Nursing,21(17). Ojulong, J., Mitonga, K.H. and Iipinge, S.N., 2013. Knowledge and attitudes of infection prevention and control among health sciences students at University of Namibia.African health sciences,13(4), pp.1071-1078. Safdar, N., Anderson, D.J., Braun, B.I., Carling, P., Cohen, S., Donskey, C., Drees, M., Harris, A., Henderson, D.K., Huang, S.S. and Juthani-Mehta, M., 2014. The evolving landscape of healthcare-associated infections: recent advances in prevention and a road map for research.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(5), pp.480-493. Zaidi, N., Javed, N., Naz, S. and Mumtaz, A., 2016. Gaps in Knowledge and Practices About Health Care Associated Infections Among Health Care Workers at a Tertiary Care Hospital.Journal of Islamabad Medical Dental College (JIMDC),5(2), pp.84-87. Zimlichman, E., Henderson, D., Tamir, O., Franz, C., Song, P., Yamin, C.K., Keohane, C., Denham, C.R. and Bates, D.W., 2013. Health careassociated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system.JAMA internal medicine,173(22), pp.2039-2046.

Race And Freedom Essays - Libertarian Theory, Egalitarianism

Race And Freedom Freedom is a word that can be spoken and recognized by any man. Throughout history many have fought and died to gain the assurance of freedom and equality. Though the definition of freedom may vary, the general acknowledgement of it is well known. Thomas Jefferson believed that freedom was having unalienable rights that could not be destroyed by any form of government. Although he declared freedom, equality and justice for ALL MEN, this was not the intent of his declaration. Frederick Douglass, on the other hand, knew of freedom, but until a certain point in his life was not able to completely understand and experience it. Freedom, justice and equality are spoken of much together in history. Even though all men desire these three fundamentals, they do not walk hand in hand. Freedom does not mean equality, and equality does not mean justice. Webster's dictionary defines freedom as the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or action: liberation from slavery or restraint or from the power of another: INDEPENDENCE. I concur completely with this definition of freedom. I have always viewed freedom as a form of independence. When you are independent, no other human has the authority to completely govern over your own life and decisions. This concept of freedom, unfortunately does not mean equality. This definition; though many years after the 19th century, was very much similar to the way Douglass viewed freedom. Jefferson, on the other hand, viewed freedom in a slightly different way. The fact that freedom was not meant for every man plays a great part in the differences of their perceptions. Equality and freedom are not directly related. The Declaration of Independence states, all men are created equal. Unfortunately, this is a lie. If all men were meant to be equal, black men and women would not have been slaves. There would not have been an abduction of thousands of men, woman and children from their homeland to the country they call America. How can a man be equal if he is treated lower than the dung of a cow? If he has unalienable rights he should have had the right to be free. The white man took it upon himself to make the slave. He disobeyed the laws of his own Christianity. One of the Ten Commandments says to love your neighbor as you love yourself. Jefferson felt that it was a God given right for men to have equality. He had slaves so what does that say about his belief. The Constitution of the United States of America also declares rights for all me. Unfortunately, freedom, justice and equality were only meant for men like the Europeans. Just looking at the life of Fredrick Douglass demonstrates how freedom does not mean equality. Douglass became a free slave, but could never be accepted into the whit society as an equal. He became more educated and knowledgeable than many white men, but could never have the same opportunities as one looked upon society as a pure citizen. What does this say about the morals of our American society? A man cannot have equality and justice because he has an ethnic difference. Frederick Douglass had a distorted vision of freedom in his early years because he was black. Knowledge was concealed from him. The white man wanted him to be naive and illiterate, because if he were knowledgeable he would become a threat to the industry of slavery that was built. Even after one hundred years every man still is not and will not be equal. The men that paved the way for equality as Jefferson and Hamilton did must have missed some of the cement. The ignorance and prejudice that existed still is embedded today. Although there may never come a time when we all will be fully equal, it is important to know that all men are created equal. Book Reports